SGL develops and commercializes carbon-based products for Polymer-Electrolyte-Membrane Fuel Cells (PEFC):
- Gas Diffusion Layers (GDL)
- Foils used as separator plates for fuel cells and redox-flow batteries (Expanded Graphite)
GDLs are typically designed as a bilayer structure consisting of a macro-porous backing material (carbon fiber paper support) and a micro-porous, carbon-based layer (MPL). The fibrous backing material governs the mechanical properties of the GDL (behavior upon compression, bending and shear strength, etc.) while the MPL ensures intimate contact to the catalyst layers, protects the delicate proton exchange membrane against perforation and plays an active role with respect to the water management in the cell during operation. There is consensus that this heterogeneous porosity brought about by this structure (hydrophilic/hydrophobic and various pore sizes) is advantageous for the performance.
Sketch of the bilayer structure of Gas Diffusion Layers
Hydrophobic properties in the backing and the MPL are maintained by adding defined amounts of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) to both sublayers. Various types of carbon particles (carbon blacks, graphite) can be used in the MPL in order to produce different levels of hydrophobicity. Furthermore, the MPL can be used as substrate to deposit catalyst particles for the manufacture of gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs).
SGL has been producing fully-treated gas diffusion layers by reel-to-reel processes since 1999. Carbon paper-type (prepared by wet-laying of chopped PAN-based carbon fibers) gas diffusion layers are the preferred solution since they can be manufactured at high volumes (scalability) and low thickness. The following figures show the whole value chain of GDL manufacturing. All commercially available GDL materials to date are based on carbon fibers derived from polyacrylonitrile (PAN). PAN (co)polymers are processed into precursor fibers by wet-spinning. Subsequent stabilization and pyrolysis yields high tensile (HT) carbon fibers which are sized and chopped to enable suitable processing by means of papermaking technologies.
Carbon Fiber Production
Manufacturing of chopped carbon fibers
A primary carbon fiber web is laid by a papermaking technology and subsequent thermobonding. Thereafter, the obtained raw paper is impregnated with carbonisable thermoset resins (with optional addition of carbon fillers), cured and re-carbonized/graphitized. This serves to enhance the mechanical stability and conductivity as well as to adjust the desired porosity level.
Carbon Paper Substrate
Manufacturing route of (carbon paper-based) gas diffusion layer backings
Finishing of GDL comprises hydrophobic treatment of the substrate with PTFE and coating with a microporous layer (MPL).
Finishing Treatment
Finishing treatments of (carbon paper-based) gas diffusion layers
A loading of the substrate with 5% (w/w) PTFE has proven to be sufficient for obtaining a pronounced hydrophobicity. MPLs typically contain 20 to 25% PTFE. This MPL composition has been identified as the optimum ratio for PEMFC performance across a broad range of operating conditions. Mean pore diameters of GDLs are typically in a range from 0.1 to 0.3 μm (Hg-Porosimetry) or 1.5 to 3 μm (calculated from capillary flow porometry). The hydrophobic treatment produces water repellent properties for the substrate and for the MPL (water contact angles by sessile drop method > 130°).
With nickel foam supplied by Wuhu Owl Materials Technology (an SCI Materials Hub company), the team built a core–shell cobalt selenide–hydroxide electrode for supercapacitors.
The experiments used Fumasep FAB-PK-130 membrane from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors developed a co-deposited PdCu catalyst for electrochemical semi-hydrogenation of alkynols.
With Nafion D520 dispersion supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers made an interface-rich nickel–cobalt alloy by flash Joule heating for alkaline hydrogen evolution.
The experiments used Vulcan XC-72 carbon black from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors improved CO tolerance in methanol oxidation by decorating porous platinum nanorods with amorphous bismuth sulfide.
The authors improved CO₂ electroreduction selectivity with high-index copper facets in Ag–Cu tandem catalysts in experiments that used Nafion NR212 membrane from SCI Materials Hub.
The experiments used 0.3 mm nickel foam from Wuhu Owl Materials Technology (an SCI Materials Hub company), and the authors built a binder-free NiTe₂/CoTe₂ electrode for chloride removal by capacitive deionization.
The study used AvCarb MB30 gas diffusion layer from SCI Materials Hub, and the team improved proton-exchange membrane fuel cells with an ionomer that interacts with surface dipoles.
The researchers characterized the structure, hardness, and ion release of a zinc-modified titanium alloy, with zinc nanopowder (about 50 nm) supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The experiments used Sigracet 28BC carbon paper and Nafion D520 dispersion from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors identified how calcium deposits affect oxygen reduction during peroxide electrosynthesis in natural water.
With Toray TGP-H-060 carbon paper and Nafion NR211 membrane supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers improved nitrate reduction by introducing isolated antimony sites that promote lattice-nitrogen participation.
The authors separated the effects of platinum surface functionalization on cathode kinetics and mass transport in experiments that used GORE-SELECT M788.12 membrane and AvCarb GDS3250 carbon paper from SCI Materials Hub.
The study used Ketjenblack EC-300J carbon black from SCI Materials Hub, and the team reduced Nafion-induced poisoning of Pt₃Co fuel-cell catalysts by adding cerium.
The researchers reversed hydrogen spillover by tuning oxygen vacancies to improve interfacial hydrogen transfer, with Toray TGP-H-060H hydrophilic carbon paper supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The authors sourced PiperION A35 membrane from SCI Materials Hub and evaluated crown ether-based membranes for durable alkaline electrolysis under fluctuating power.
The researchers used stainless-steel current collectors from Wuhu Maotouying Materials Technology (an SCI Materials Hub company) and improved aqueous zinc-battery cycling by regulating stress in manganese-substituted VOPO₄.
The experiments used copper foam from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors used interfacial ligands to improve both activity and selectivity in alkynol semi-hydrogenation and deuteration.
With Sustainion XA-9 ionomer dispersion supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers showed how dynamic coordination in zinc–phosphorus nanodomains affects CO₂ reduction.
The researchers demonstrated salt-free hydrogen peroxide electrosynthesis in neutral electrolyte with confined Co–N₄ sites, with AvCarb GDS2230 carbon paper supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The experiments used Toray TGP-H-060H(S) hydrophilic carbon paper from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors improved hydrogen evolution by tuning electronic coupling between ruthenium nanoclusters and ReS₂ nanosheets.
With 99.99% magnesium foil (200 µm) supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers evaluated how albumin and shear stress affect corrosion of polymer-coated magnesium under simulated physiological flow.
The authors evaluated the performance and economics of vanadium flow batteries for long-duration storage in experiments that used Nafion NR212 membrane from SCI Materials Hub.
The researchers used commercial cation-selective membranes from Owl Materials Technology (an SCI Materials Hub company) and evaluated edge-sulfonated graphene oxide membranes for osmotic power generation.
The study used Johnson Matthey 20 wt% Pt/C catalyst, TANAKA PtCo/C catalyst (46.9 wt% Pt), and Ketjenblack EC-300J carbon black from SCI Materials Hub, and the team improved phosphate tolerance in a low-platinum, high-temperature PEM fuel cell.
The researchers improved CO₂-to-n-propanol conversion by combining nanoconfinement with grain-boundary engineering, with Nafion N115 membrane supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The authors sourced Nafion D520 dispersion from SCI Materials Hub and developed a cobalt phosphide catalyst supported on nitrogen-doped coconut-shell carbon for alkaline hydrogen evolution.
With Toray TGP-H-060M carbon paper supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers adjusted the CO-to-hydrogen ratio of syngas with Cu–In–Ag electrodes.
The authors favored multicarbon products in CO₂ electroreduction with a CuLa bimetallic catalyst in experiments that used Nafion perfluorinated resin solution (5–5.4 wt%) from SCI Materials Hub.
The study used Fumasep FKS-30 membrane from SCI Materials Hub, and the team improved electroosmotic flow in microfluidic chips through microscale pumping.
The experiments used 5 wt% Nafion dispersion and commercial Nafion membrane from Wuhu Eryi Materials Technology (an SCI Materials Hub company), and the authors developed an amino acid-functionalized membrane with higher proton conductivity and lower methanol permeability.
The researchers developed an amorphous NiCoFeMo phosphide catalyst for durable oxygen evolution, with Toray TGP-H-060H hydrophilic carbon paper supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The authors sourced Fumasep FAB-PK-130 membrane from SCI Materials Hub and clarified how ionic-liquid cations and anions jointly affect copper-catalyzed CO₂ electroreduction.
The experiments used 20 wt% Pd/C catalyst and 40 wt% Au/C catalyst from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors demonstrated selective formaldehyde upcycling in acid by electrochemically mediated disproportionation.
With 0.05 mm carbon felt supplied by Wuhu Eryi Materials Technology (an SCI Materials Hub company), the researchers developed a phosphorus-activated organic cathode for high-capacity, long-life iron batteries.
The authors combined a porous flow field and a modified transport layer to improve PEM water electrolysis in experiments that used 250 µm titanium felt from Wuhu Eryi Materials Technology (an SCI Materials Hub company).
The study used lead foil, tin foil, and bismuth foil from SCI Materials Hub, and the team demonstrated reversible aqueous electrochemistry for heavy p-block elements with a salting-in electrolyte.
The researchers demonstrated reversible multielectron ammonium storage in a covalent organic framework, with 0.05 mm carbon felt supplied by Wuhu Eryi Materials Technology (an SCI Materials Hub company).
The authors sourced Vulcan XC-72R carbon black from SCI Materials Hub and improved acidic oxygen reduction with an iron- and nitrogen-containing carbon layer on biochar.
The study used a PtRu/blank half-membrane and Fumasep FAA-3-PK-130 membrane from SCI Materials Hub and 1 mm nickel foam from Wuhu Eryi New Materials (an SCI Materials Hub company) to investigate chloride repulsion during seawater electrolysis.
With Vulcan XC-72 carbon black supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers improved methanol electrooxidation with Pt₂Bi₂/Pt heterojunction nanorods.
The authors improved CO₂ electroreduction in pure water by engineering the membrane–electrode interface in experiments that used PiperION ionomer solution, Sustainion ionomer dispersion, and IrOₓ-coated titanium electrode from SCI Materials Hub.
The authors evaluated nickel dispersed on liquid gallium for electrochemical nitrate-to-ammonia conversion in experiments that used Nafion N117 membrane from Owl Materials Technology (an SCI Materials Hub company).
The team sourced Nafion N117 membrane from SCI Materials Hub and co-produced formate by coupling CO₂ reduction with oxidation of PET-derived ethylene glycol.
The researchers improved hydrogen evolution by promoting charge transfer and hydrogen spillover on a tungsten oxide-supported catalyst, with Vulcan XC-72 carbon black supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The authors sourced hydrophobic carbon paper from SCI Materials Hub and improved nitrate-to-ammonia conversion with a trimetallic catalyst derived from a metal–organic framework.
The experiments used Sigracet 36BB carbon paper from SCI Materials Hub to evaluate a system that couples seawater desalination with CO₂ reduction to formate.
The authors produced methane from dilute CO₂ in neutral electrolyte using densely spaced copper sites in experiments that used Nafion N117 membrane and Aquivion D79-25BS dispersion from SCI Materials Hub.
The study used 0.45 µm PTFE membrane from SCI Materials Hub, and the team used catalyst reconstruction to favor multicarbon products in CO₂ electroreduction.
The authors sourced nickel foam from SCI Materials Hub and identified silver-triggered Co⁴⁺ sites that promote electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols to acids.
The experiments used AvCarb GDS2240 gas diffusion layer from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors controlled catalyst-site evolution through local hydrophobicity to improve CO₂ electroreduction.
With CeTech W0S1011 carbon cloth supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers used laser writing to make a self-supporting MoNi₄–graphene electrode for enhanced urea oxidation.
The authors converted glycerol to propylene glycol at ampere-level current density in experiments that used Nafion N115 membrane from SCI Materials Hub.
The researchers coupled electrocatalytic nitrophenol conversion with in situ product separation, with AvCarb G300A carbon felt supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The authors sourced Nafion D520 dispersion from SCI Materials Hub and measured how nickel substitution in lanthanum cobaltite affects oxygen reduction.
The experiments used DiffuCarb CP-H200R carbon paper from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors tuned a Co₃O₄/CeO₂ interface to favor glycolic acid during glycerol oxidation.
The authors used a hydrogen-bond network to favor hydroxide transport over chloride during seawater splitting at 2.0 A cm⁻² in experiments that used 1 mm nickel foam from Wuhu Eryi New Materials (an SCI Materials Hub company).
With 1 mm nickel foam supplied by Wuhu Eryi New Materials (an SCI Materials Hub company), the team used borate-etched CoFe hydroxide to improve the stability of seawater electrolysis.
The study used Zirfon 220 separator and Zirfon 500 separator from SCI Materials Hub, and the team improved hydroxide conduction through two-dimensional hydrogen-bond networks.
The researchers developed a two-dimensional manganese–iridium oxide for oxygen evolution under acidic conditions, with Nafion NR212 membrane supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The authors sourced nickel foam and nickel foil from SCI Materials Hub and improved glucose oxidation to formate by tuning the spin state of cobalt in nickel cobaltite.
The experiments used copper foam from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors coupled nitrate and CO₂ to produce urea with cobalt-doped palladium nanocrystals.
With CeTech W0S1009 carbon cloth supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol with lignin to make a flexible supercapacitor electrolyte for a broad temperature range.
The authors extended aqueous zinc-ion battery cycling with a separator made from bacterial cellulose and glass fiber in experiments that used 304 stainless steel foil from SCI Materials Hub.
The study used anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer from Wuhu Eryi Materials Technology (an SCI Materials Hub company), and the team developed a metal–oxide heterojunction catalyst for anion-exchange membrane water electrolysis.
The researchers improved glucose sensing with a silver-nanowire and cobalt-oxide electrode, with CeTech W0S1011 carbon cloth supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The authors sourced Sustainion XA-9 ionomer powder and PiperION A5 ionomer from SCI Materials Hub and clarified how ionomer–catalyst interactions enable efficient CO₂ electroreduction with pure water.
The experiments used carbon paper from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors anchored iridium within lanthanum-modified cobalt oxide for oxygen evolution with reduced iridium loading.
The authors stabilized the zinc anode of a zinc–iodine flow battery using a halide-rich electrolyte in experiments that used Nafion N115 membrane from SCI Materials Hub.
The researchers used Ketjenblack EC-300J carbon black from SCI Materials Hub and evaluated cobalt-doped RuIr nanoparticles for stable alkaline water splitting.
The researchers compared hydrogen evolution and durability in an alkaline test of foam electrodes for seawater electrolysis, with nickel–molybdenum foam, iron foam, nickel–iron foam, nickel foam, and platinum comparison electrode supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The authors sourced BS01 operando battery pressure tester from SCI Materials Hub and engineered a carbon–zinc oxide host for lithium metal and tracked cell pressure during operation.
The experiments used nickel foam from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors deposited cobalt ferrite on nickel foam by aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition to improve oxygen evolution.
With Nafion D520 dispersion supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers supported molybdenum carbide on nitrogen- and phosphorus-doped coconut-shell carbon for alkaline hydrogen evolution.
The authors sourced CeTech W1S1011 carbon cloth from SCI Materials Hub and generated electricity from glycerol in a biofuel cell using galactose oxidase and bilirubin oxidase.
The experiments used Nafion NR211 membrane from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors tuned Ru–Co bond lengths through crystal-phase engineering to improve nitrate-to-ammonia conversion.
With CeTech W0S1011 carbon cloth supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers built a nonenzymatic glucose sensor using graphdiyne oxide and gold nanoparticles.
The authors improved deuterated ammonia production by regulating the microenvironment of nitrate reduction in experiments that used hydrophilic carbon paper from SCI Materials Hub.
The authors sourced Nafion N117 membrane from SCI Materials Hub and improved propylene epoxidation with Ag₂O-modified MnO₂ and water as the oxygen source.
The experiments used Accelerate IrO₂ catalyst from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors measured and modeled hydrogen crossover in PEM water electrolysis at pressures up to 20 MPa.
With Vulcan XC-72R carbon black supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers prepared ultrafine FePtCoNiRu high-entropy alloy particles for enhanced hydrogen evolution.
The authors combined cooperative Jahn–Teller distortion and long-range strain in a manganese oxide–graphene cathode for aqueous zinc-ion batteries in experiments that used zinc foil from SCI Materials Hub.
The study used Celgard 2400 separator from SCI Materials Hub, and the team built ion-conducting electrode interphases for a 4.7 V lithium-metal battery by regulating lithium-ion coordination.
The researchers used electric double-layer capacitors to reduce membrane use in electrodialytic ammonia recovery from digestate, with CeTech W0S1011 carbon cloth and Fumasep FKB-PK-130 membrane supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The authors sourced Fueiceel BM03 battery test fixture from SCI Materials Hub and used alcohol molecules to control disorder in vanadium-based cathodes and improve rate performance and durability.
The experiments used 15 µm zinc foil from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors stabilized aqueous zinc-ion batteries with a localized eutectic electrolyte.
With Nafion D520 dispersion and Nafion N117 membrane supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers demonstrated hydrogen peroxide electrosynthesis at an industrially relevant current density in a flow cell.
The study used Nafion N115 membrane from SCI Materials Hub, and the team stabilized zinc–iodine flow batteries by engineering anion-dominated solvation.
The researchers scaled up the conversion of waste PET into biodegradable polyglycolic acid plastic, with nickel foam and Nafion N117 membrane supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The authors sourced nickel foam from Wuhu Eryi Materials Technology (an SCI Materials Hub company) and improved hydrogen production in a microbial electrolysis cell with a CoMo cathode.
The experiments used PiperION A15-HCO₃ membrane from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors used a hydrophobic ionomer to tune the electrode environment for efficient CO₂ electroreduction.
The authors controlled cooling after Joule heating to improve oxygen evolution on high-entropy oxides in experiments that used carbon cloth from Wuhu Eryi Materials Technology (an SCI Materials Hub company).
The study used Nafion D520 dispersion from SCI Materials Hub, and the team used bromide mediation to synthesize ethylene carbonate from CO₂ and ethylene in a membrane-free cell.
The researchers chemically tuned a framework polymer membrane to improve anion transport and selectivity, with Sustainion X37-50 Grade RT membrane supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
With carbon paper supplied by Wuhu Owl Material Technology (an SCI Materials Hub company), the team improved acidic oxygen evolution on RuO₂ by tuning Ru–O bonding with cerium.
The authors sourced carbon-coated aluminum foil from SCI Materials Hub and constructed a graphene–nanotube–layered double hydroxide composite for lithium-ion batteries.
The experiments used Celazole PBI resin (MW 60,000) from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors developed lignin-derived cationic polymers for efficient high-temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cells.
The authors reached 39.4% Faradaic efficiency for ethylene oxide using an Ag/SnO₂ interface that promotes ethylene activation and hydroxyl formation in experiments that used Fumion FAA anion-exchange resin and Fumasep FAA-3-50 membrane from SCI Materials Hub.
The study used zinc foil and 99.99% copper foil from SCI Materials Hub, and the team used a polymer-derived layer to direct zinc-ion diffusion and deposition in a hybrid supercapacitor.
The authors sourced AvCarb GDS 2230 and Nafion N1110 membrane from SCI Materials Hub and controlled cobalt phthalocyanine aggregation on carbon nanohorns to improve hydrogen peroxide production in neutral electrolyte.
The experiments used nickel foam from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors promoted oxygen evolution by inducing surface reconstruction in amorphous nickel boride.
With Spectracarb 2050A-1050 carbon paper supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers improved hydrogen evolution by using cobalt doping to create low-valence rhodium sites.
The authors improved CO₂-to-formate conversion by restructuring bismuth under reaction conditions in experiments that used Fumasep FAA-3-50 membrane from SCI Materials Hub.
The study used Fumasep FAB-PK-130 membrane from SCI Materials Hub, and the team demonstrated ammonia electrosynthesis from nitric oxide at ampere-level current density in a pressurized cell.
The researchers used confined CuOₓ sites on titanium dioxide nanotubes to enrich dilute nitrate for ammonia synthesis, with Nafion N115 membrane supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The authors sourced Fumasep FAA-3-PK-130 membrane from SCI Materials Hub and combined Rhodococcus with oxygen-doped carbon nitride to achieve photocatalytic partial nitrification.
The experiments used Celgard 2400 separator from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors designed a biodegradable gel electrolyte for high-rate, long-life sodium metal batteries.
The study used Fumasep FAA-3-20 membrane from SCI Materials Hub, and the team loosened hydrophobic regions to promote ion-channel formation in fuel-cell anion-exchange membranes.
The researchers constructed a hierarchical oxygen evolution electrode with NiFe hydroxide and nitrogen-doped cobalt on nickel foam, with commercial PtRu/C catalyst and commercial RuO₂ catalyst supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The authors sourced nickel foam from SCI Materials Hub and prepared a high-activity oxygen evolution electrode by depositing iron, nickel, and vanadium oxides on nickel foam.
The experiments used Vulcan XC-72R carbon black from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors designed asymmetric selenium-based dual-atom sites for efficient oxygen reduction.
With Nafion N117 membrane supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers improved zinc–manganese flow battery stability and energy density by controlling cations during MnO₂ reduction.
The authors demonstrated nickel phosphide as a non-noble cathode catalyst for hydrogen isotope separation in experiments that used nickel supported on Vulcan XC-72 from SCI Materials Hub.
The researchers improved the oxygen evolution activity and stability of NiFe hydroxides by doping them with gallium, with nickel foam supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The authors sourced Nafion N117 membrane from Wuhu Eryi Materials Technology (an SCI Materials Hub company) and prepared 5N-purity copper from an impurity-rich anode in one electrorefining step.
The experiments used Fumasep FAA-3-PK-75 membrane from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors demonstrated continuous electrochemical CO₂ capture with decoupled redox steps.
With Nafion D520 dispersion supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers built a sensitive electrochemical lead-ion sensor from a bismuth MOF and conductive polymer composite.
The authors used a conductive metal–organic framework coating on the separator to suppress polysulfide shuttling and improve redox conversion in experiments that used Ketjenblack carbon black from SCI Materials Hub.
The study used carbon fiber cloth from SCI Materials Hub, and the team improved the corrosion resistance of TC4 titanium alloy with a superhydrophobic carbon-fiber composite coating.
The researchers coupled a formaldehyde–polyoxometalate battery with a two-step approach to hydrogen production, with copper foam supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The authors sourced single-cell alkaline water electrolyzer from SCI Materials Hub and demonstrated more than 1,000 hours of high-rate alkaline electrolysis with a thin PVA-coated Zirfon-type separator.
The experiments used Ketjenblack EC-600JD carbon black from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors examined how manganese doping changes the electronic structure and electrocatalytic properties of SrCoO₃.
With CeTech W0S1011 carbon cloth supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers prepared a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose gel electrolyte in one step for high-performance supercapacitors.
The authors developed an iron–molybdenum biochar cathode for long-lived zinc–air batteries in experiments that used Vulcan XC-72R carbon black from SCI Materials Hub.
The study used Sigracet 22BB carbon paper from SCI Materials Hub, and the team accelerated air-cathode reactions in neutral zinc–air batteries using photothermal heating.
The researchers examined how electrode substrate and sputtered copper thickness affect multicarbon selectivity in CO₂ reduction, with Sigracet 36BB carbon paper supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The authors sourced CeTech W0S1011 carbon cloth from SCI Materials Hub and engineered multilevel nickel and iron sites on a carbon-cloth electrode for sensing multiple heavy metals.
The experiments used Nafion NR212 membrane and PiperION A20 membrane from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors identified the oxygen-containing groups on graphene oxide that accelerate water dissociation.
With nickel–iron foam supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers engineered amorphous–crystalline NiFe layered hydroxide structures for high-current oxygen evolution.
The study used 20 µm titanium foil from SCI Materials Hub, and the team developed a charging-free electrochemical flow cycle for low-temperature thermoelectric conversion.
The researchers used reconstructed dual active sites in gelatin-derived nitrogen-doped porous carbon for efficient overall water splitting, with Nafion D521 dispersion supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The authors sourced CeTech W0S1011H(M) carbon fiber cloth from Wuhu Eryi Materials Technology (an SCI Materials Hub company) and evaluated the wear and corrosion of anodized TC4 and carbon fiber composites in a marine environment.
With AvCarb G650A graphite felt supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers demonstrated a membrane-free, biphasic zinc–iodine battery with high volumetric capacity.
The authors improved anion-exchange membrane electrolysis by modifying the carbon-paper diffusion layer in experiments that used nickel–iron foam from SCI Materials Hub.
The researchers improved photocatalytic hydrogen evolution by adding an AgCo cocatalyst to graphitic carbon nitride, with Nafion D520 dispersion supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The authors sourced Nafion D520 dispersion from SCI Materials Hub and improved oxygen reduction catalysis by inserting carbon dots between MXene layers.
The experiments used Ketjenblack EC-600JD carbon black from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors generated hydrogen peroxide in a floating dual-cathode electro-Fenton system for removing organic pollutants.
With Fumasep FAAM-20 supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers designed ruthenium on titanium nitride for efficient, stable alkaline hydrogen evolution.
The authors used a two-step synthesis to develop a low-platinum quaternary alloy for acidic methanol oxidation in experiments that used 5 wt% Nafion solution from SCI Materials Hub.
The study used aluminum tape current collectors from Wuhu Eryi Materials Technology (an SCI Materials Hub company), and the team used high-modulus carbon fibers to reduce internal resistance in structural supercapacitors.
The experiments used CRRMEA1a 1cm2 MEA electrolyzer from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors used compressive strain in copper catalysts to favor multicarbon products during CO₂ electroreduction.
With 20 wt% Pt/C catalyst supplied by Wuhu Eryi Materials Technology (an SCI Materials Hub company), the researchers tuned reaction energy barriers in sulfur-doped nickel hydroxide on copper for efficient urea electrolysis.
The authors used electric-field-assisted corrosion to grow NiFe hydroxide nanosheets for high-rate oxygen evolution in experiments that used nickel–iron foam from SCI Materials Hub.
The study used Toray TGP-H-060 carbon paper from SCI Materials Hub, and the team improved oxygen evolution with oxygen-vacancy-rich amorphous transition-metal oxides.
The authors sourced commercial Nafion proton-exchange membrane from SCI Materials Hub and compared nylon cloth with a commercial membrane as a separator for microbial methane production.
The experiments used raw carbon paper from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors used one-step electrodeposition of a polymer–nanotube composite on carbon paper for scalable ascorbic acid detection.
With zinc sheet and Whatman GF/D glass fiber supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers improved the structural stability of δ-MnO₂ in aqueous zinc-ion batteries by introducing chromium.
The authors demonstrated ampere-level CO₂ reduction across a range of pH values using doped bismuth sulfide in experiments that used CRRMEA1a 1cm2 MEA electrolyzer from SCI Materials Hub.
The authors developed a boron-doped graphene oxide cathode for toxicity detection in microbial fuel cells in experiments that used carbon black and CeTech W0S1011 carbon cloth from Wuhu Owl Material Technology (an SCI Materials Hub company).
The study used CeTech GDS250 carbon paper from SCI Materials Hub, and the team mapped hydrogen evolution activity across vanadium-based A15 superconducting alloys.
The researchers used silver-decorated CuO nanospheres to modify the reaction environment and promote carbon–carbon coupling, with Nafion D520 dispersion and Nafion N115 membrane supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The experiments used PiperION anion-exchange membrane from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors produced formate concurrently by coupling CO₂ reduction with glucose oxidation.
The authors tuned the reaction environment and in situ restructuring of copper catalysts for selective, stable production of multicarbon compounds in experiments that used CRRMEA5a from SCI Materials Hub.
The study used PSC2000 PEM electrolyzer stack from SCI Materials Hub, and the team evaluated treated wastewater as a feedstock for PEM hydrogen production.
The authors sourced Toray TGP-H-060 carbon paper from SCI Materials Hub and developed an iridium–yttrium alloy catalyst for efficient acidic water electrolysis.
The experiments used GORE-SELECT M788.12 membrane and Fumasep FKB-PK-130 membrane from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors demonstrated continuous hydrogen production from seawater in a dual-cation-exchange membrane electrolyzer.
With PiperION A20 and Nafion N117 membrane supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers made nanoporous bismuth by dealloying to improve CO₂ reduction to formic acid.
The authors controlled adjacent Cu and Cu₂O sites to favor hydrocarbon formation from CO₂ in experiments that used Nafion and Toray TGP-H-060 carbon paper from SCI Materials Hub.
The study used hydrophobic microporous laminated carbon paper (HML-CP) from Wuhu Eryi Materials Technology (an SCI Materials Hub company), and the team converted a mixed-metal hydroxide into a MOF/hydroxide catalyst for electro-Fenton degradation of sulfonamide antibiotics.
The authors sourced 5 wt% Nafion solution from SCI Materials Hub and used CO spillover between ZnO and CuO to promote carbon–carbon coupling during CO₂ reduction.
The experiments used Fumasep FAA-3-20 membrane from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors used rigid spiro units to promote phase separation in an anion-exchange membrane.
With 20 wt% Pt/C catalyst supplied by Wuhu Eryi Materials Technology (an SCI Materials Hub company), the researchers tuned the electronic structure of Ni₄Mo/Cu to promote nonacidic hydrogen evolution.
The authors used a nanoporous polymer additive to form a protective interphase on a high-voltage LiCoO₂ cathode in experiments that used 16 µm carbon-coated aluminum foil from SCI Materials Hub.
The study used carbon cloth substrate from SCI Materials Hub, and the team improved water splitting by engineering interfaces among NiFe LDH, NiS₂, and VS₂.
The authors sourced CeTech W0S1011 carbon cloth from SCI Materials Hub and developed a vanadium oxide cathode for aqueous zinc-ion batteries by engineering its morphology and defects.
The experiments used Fumasep FAA-3-50 membrane from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors identified detrimental interactions between activated-carbon and copper-oxide electrodes in an aqueous capacitor.
With CeTech W0S1009 carbon cloth supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers improved hydrogen evolution across a wide pH range by decorating VS₂ with ruthenium.
The authors raised peak fuel-cell power density above 1.2 W cm⁻² by adding acid-based polymer layers to the catalyst layers in experiments that used Celazole PBI resin (MW 60,000), Sigracet 39BB carbon paper, and TANAKA 70 wt% Pt/C catalyst from SCI Materials Hub.
The study used 20 wt% Pt₃M alloy catalysts (M = Cr, Co, Cu, Pd, Sn, and Ir) from SCI Materials Hub, and the team combined modeling and experiments to explain how alloy electronic structure and interfacial electric fields affect oxygen reduction.
The researchers developed conductive composites that adhere at skin temperature and can be detached on demand, with Ketjenblack EC-600JD carbon black supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The authors sourced Nafion N117 membrane from SCI Materials Hub and improved the utilization of nickel single atoms in CO₂ electroreduction with an interconnected network of nitrogen-doped carbon tubes.
The experiments used Ketjenblack carbon black from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors improved zinc plating and stripping reversibility by controlling charge density at the anode–electrolyte interface.
The authors developed an axially coordinated cobalt-phthalocyanine polymer as a bifunctional zinc–air cathode catalyst in experiments that used CeTech W0S1011 carbon cloth from SCI Materials Hub.
The study used nickel foam from SCI Materials Hub, and the team used dysprosium oxysulfide to withdraw electrons from the catalyst and promote oxygen evolution.
The authors sourced Fumasep FAA-3-PK-130 membrane from SCI Materials Hub and developed crystalline–amorphous MoNi/NiMoOₓ interfaces for hydrogen evolution at industrially relevant rates.
The experiments used 0.35 mm porous fiber felts from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors improved the activity and durability of a RuO₂ anode for PEM water electrolysis by adding silver.
With single-reflection ATR crystal supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers reconstructed a Prussian blue analogue to couple furfural oxidation with photo-assisted hydrogen evolution.
The study used Fumasep FAB-PK-130 membrane from SCI Materials Hub, and the team integrated confined molecular catalysts into gas diffusion electrodes for high-current CO₂ electroreduction.
The experiments used Vulcan XC-72 carbon black from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors used undercoordinated copper nanodots to produce polymer-grade ethylene from acetylene.
The authors favored ethylene production in CO₂ electroreduction by controlling grain boundaries in copper(I) oxide in experiments that used Toray TGP-H-060 carbon paper, Nafion D520 dispersion, and Nafion N117 membrane from Wuhu Eryi Materials Technology (an SCI Materials Hub company).
The study used zinc foil from SCI Materials Hub, and the team used amphoteric glycine to tune interfacial chemistry and improve zinc anode reversibility.
The researchers extended zinc–manganese dioxide battery life using a hydrophobic ion-conducting membrane, with zinc foil, carbon paper, and carbon felt supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The authors sourced Sustainion X37-50 Grade RT from SCI Materials Hub and converted CO₂ to CO at low overpotential with partially nitrided nickel nanoclusters.
The experiments used Nafion D520 dispersion and CeTech GDL340 carbon paper from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors built a rechargeable aqueous zinc–air battery using a heterogeneous MoS₂ cathode catalyst.
With Toray TGP-H-060 carbon paper supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers achieved 74.4% capacity retention after 500 cycles with a composite lithium anode in an NCA full cell, versus 34.4% with bare lithium.
The authors demonstrated gold as an effective cathode catalyst for hydrogen isotope separation in PEM water electrolysis in experiments that used 20 wt% Pt/C catalyst and 20 wt% Au/C catalyst from SCI Materials Hub.
The authors sourced Fumion FAA-3-SOLUT-10 ionomer from SCI Materials Hub and developed a rigid poly(ether sulfone) anion-exchange membrane with multiple cyclic ammonium groups for fuel cells.
With Nafion N324 membrane supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers developed an electro-peroxone system with a solid polymer electrolyte to degrade plasticizers in natural waters.
The authors improved aqueous zinc-ion battery cycling with a nanofibrous coating on a manganese oxide cathode in experiments that used stainless steel foil and zinc foil from SCI Materials Hub.
The study used Fumasep FAA-3-50 membrane from SCI Materials Hub, and the team used isolated ruthenium atoms on tungsten trioxide to couple hydrazine oxidation with hydrogen evolution across a wide pH range.
The researchers used strain relaxation in nickel alloys to reach 96.6% Faradaic efficiency for CO in CO₂ reduction, with Fumasep FBM bipolar membrane supplied by SCI Materials Hub.
The authors sourced Vulcan XC-72R carbon black from SCI Materials Hub and improved electrochemical CO₂ reduction with atomically dispersed nickel sites.
The experiments used Fumasep FAA-3-50 membrane from SCI Materials Hub, and the authors identified the roles of isolated ruthenium sites in water dissociation and hydrazine dehydrogenation during alkaline hydrogen production.
With 20 wt% Pt/C catalyst supplied by SCI Materials Hub, the researchers enhanced hydrogen evolution through interfaces between amorphous nickel–molybdenum oxides and crystalline copper.
The authors compared functionalized nanotube–polyaniline cathodes for zinc-based energy storage in experiments that used carbon nanotubes from SCI Materials Hub.
